TRFL_HUMAN
Source: hRBCD ; ID: IPI00298860PM19886704
PM23856902
BSc_CH
Marked as 'Non-membrane protein'
Confidence: high (present in two of the MS resources) Search PubMed for
(RBC AND this entry)
Gene names: LTF , GIG12, LF
Protein names and data: TRFL_HUMAN , Lactotransferrin; Lactoferrin; 3.4.21.- , Growth-inhibiting protein 12; Talalactoferrin; Lactoferricin-H; Lfcin-H; Kaliocin-1; Lactoferroxin-A; Lactoferroxin-B; Lactoferroxin-C; Flags: Precursor Lenght: 710 a.a.
Mass: 78182 Da
fasta formatted sequence
Function: Transferrins are iron binding transport proteins which can bind two Fe(3+) ions in association with the binding of an anion, usually bicarbonate. Lactotransferrin is a major iron-binding and multifunctional protein found in exocrine fluids such as breast milk and mucosal secretions. Has antimicrobial activity, which depends on the extracellular cation concentration. Antimicrobial properties include bacteriostasis, which is related to its ability to sequester free iron and thus inhibit microbial growth, as well as direct bactericidal properties leading to the release of lipopolysaccharides from the bacterial outer membrane. Can also prevent bacterial biofilm development in P.aeruginosa infection. Has weak antifungal activity against C.albicans. Has anabolic, differentiating and anti-apoptotic effects on osteoblasts and can also inhibit osteoclastogenesis, possibly playing a role in the regulation of bone growth. Promotes binding of species C adenoviruses to epithelial cells, promoting adenovirus infection. Can inhibit papillomavirus infections. Stimulates the TLR4 signaling pathway leading to NF-kappa-B activation and subsequent pro-inflammatory cytokine production while also interfering with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated TLR4 signaling. Inhibits neutrophil granulocyte migration to sites of apoptosis, when secreted by apoptotic cells. Stimulates VEGFA-mediated endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Binds heparin, chondroitin sulfate and possibly other glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Also binds specifically to pneumococcal surface protein A (pspA), the lipid A portion of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lysozyme and DNA. Lactoferricin binds to the bacterial surface and is crucial for the bactericidal functions. Has some antiviral activity against papillomavirus infection. N-terminal region shows strong antifungal activity against C.albicans. Contains two BBXB heparin-binding consensus sequences that appear to form the predominate functional GAG-binding site. Kaliocin-1 has antimicrobial activity and is able to permeabilize different ions through liposomal membranes. Lactoferroxins A, B and C have opioid antagonist activity. Lactoferroxin A shows preference for mu-receptors, while lactoferroxin B and C have somewhat higher degrees of preference for kappa-receptors than for mu-receptors. The lactotransferrin transferrin-like domain 1 functions as a serine protease of the peptidase S60 family that cuts arginine rich regions. This function contributes to the antimicrobial activity. Isoform DeltaLf: transcription factor with antiproliferative properties and ability to induce cell cycle arrest. Binds to the DeltaLf response element found in the SKP1, BAX, DCPS, and SELH promoters.
Catalytic activity: Preferential at -Arg-Ser-Arg-Arg-|- and -Arg- Arg-Ser-Arg-|-, and of Z-Phe-Arg-|-aminomethylcoumarin.
Cellular location: Isoform 1: Secreted. Cytoplasmic granule. Note=Secreted into most exocrine fluids by various endothelial cells. Stored in the secondary granules of neutrophils. Isoform DeltaLf: Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Note=Mainly localized in the cytoplasm.
Tissue specificity: High levels are found in saliva and tears, intermediate levels in serum and plasma, and low levels in urine. In kidney, detected in the distal collecting tubules in the medulla but not in the cortical region or in blood vessels. Detected in peripheral blood neutrophils (at protein level). Isoform 1 and isoform DeltaLf are expressed in breast, prostate, spleen, pancreas, kidney, small intestine, lung, skeletal muscle, uterus, thymus and fetal liver. Isoform 1 is expressed in brain, testis and peripheral blood leukocytes; isoform DeltaLf is barely detectable in these tissues. Isoform DeltaLf is expressed in placenta, liver and ovary; isoform 1 is barely detectable in these tissues. In kidney, isoform 1 is expressed at high levels in the collecting tubules of the medulla but at very low levels in the cortex.
Genetic variants
The sequence shown corresponds to the reference genome sequence and is likely to represent the minor allele, whereas most publications refer to the longer sequence containing variant Arg-22 ins. Insertion of the additional arginine in variant Arg-22 ins creates an N-terminal basic cluster of four arginines, all of which appear to be important for the full functionality of the protein, including bactericidal and antifungal activities as well as binding to glycosaminoglycans, pspA, LPS, lysozyme and DNA.Database cross-references
UniProt: P02788Ensembl: ENST00000231751
Ensembl: ENST00000426532
MIM: 150210
MIM: 245480
neXtProt: NX_P02788
Antibodypedia: P02788 (may not find the protein thus also not any antibody)
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